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Glossary AD Alzheimers disease ARE Antioxidant response element Arg1 Arginase 1 A Amyloid-beta Bax B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein BBB blood-brain barrier Bcl-2 anti apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor CAT catalase CNS Central nervous system COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2 CREB cAMP response element binding protein DG dentate gyrus ERK extracellular signal regulated kinase GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid GDNF glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor GSH-PX glutathione peroxidase HO-1 Heme Oxygenase-1 IL-10 interleukin-10 IL-1 interleukin-1 IL-6 interleukin-6 iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase LPS Lipopolysaccharide MAPK mitogen activated protein kinas MDA malondialdehyde MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase-9 MPP(+) 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion NF-B nuclear factor kappa B NGF nerve growth factor Nrf2 nuclear factor red cell 2 related factor 2 PCC pheochromocytoma cells P-CREB cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein PHB2 Prohibitin 2 PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase RhoA/ROCK Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase ROS reactive oxygen species Rut Rutin SOD superoxide dismutase TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 TNF- tumor necrosis factor- TrkA tropomyosin receptor kinase A TrkB tropomyosin receptor kinase B References 1 AbdullahH

Conclusion This review highlights that GLP-1RAs provide a multifaceted approach to managing PCOS, offering substantial benefits across both metabolic and reproductive domains

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Considering the potential of secondary bile acids to increase L-cells and GLP-1 secretion by TGR5, TGR5 agonists are promising drug candidates for increasing L-cells and GLP-1 secretion [180, 181]